The Spine Journal
Volume 11, Issue 12 , Pages 1093-1100 , December 2011

Adverse events of conscious sedation in ambulatory spine procedures

  • Michael K. Schaufele, MD

      Affiliations

    • Emory Orthopaedics & Spine Center, Emory Healthcare, 59 Executive Park South, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. The Emory Spine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 59 Executive Park South, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. Tel.: (404) 778-7168; fax: (404) 778-7177.
    • ,
  • Daniel R. Marín, MD

      Affiliations

    • Comprehensive Spine Care Program, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, 2 Tampa General Circle, Tampa, FL 33606, USA
    • ,
  • Jordan L. Tate, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, 1441 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
    • ,
  • Adam C. Simmons, MPH, CCRC

      Affiliations

    • Clinical Research Development and Operations, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA

Received 29 October 2010 ,Revised 20 May 2011 ,Accepted 29 July 2011.

References 

  1. Bitar G, Mullis W, Jacobs W, et al. Safety and efficacy of office-based surgery with monitored anesthesia care/sedation in 4778 consecutive plastic surgery procedures. Plastic Reconstr Surg. 2003;111:150–156discussion 157–8
  2. Mueller PR, Biswal S, Halpern EF, et al. Interventional radiologic procedures: patient anxiety, perception of pain, understanding of procedure, and satisfaction with medication a prospective study. Radiology. 2000;215:684–688
  3. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology. 2002;96:1004–1017
  4. Michalodimitrakis M, Christodoulou P, Tsatsakis AM, et al. Death related to midazolam overdose during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1999;20:93–97
  5. Bailey PL, Pace NL, Ashburn MA, et al. Frequent hypoxemia and apnea after sedation with midazolam and fentanyl. Anesthesiology. 1990;73:826–830
  6. Martin ML, Lennox PH. Sedation and analgesia in the interventional radiology department. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2003;14(9 Pt 1):1119–1128
  7. Innes G, Murphy M, Nijssen-Jordan C, et al. Procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department. Canadian Consensus Guidelines. J Emerg Med. 1999;17:145–156
  8. Arepally A, Oechsle D, Kirkwood S, Savader SJ. Safety of conscious sedation in interventional radiology. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2001;24:185–190
  9. Trummel J. Sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy: the changing landscape. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2007;20:359–364
  10. Continuum of depth of sedation definition of general anesthesia and levels of sedation/analgesia. ASA House of Delegates. October 13, 1999. Amended on October 27, 2004. Available at: http://asahq.org/For-Healthcare-Professionals/Standards-Guidelines-and-Statements.aspx.
  11. Distinguishing monitored anesthesia care from moderate Sedation/Analgesia. ASA House of Delegates. October 27, 2004. Available at: http://asahq.org/For-Healthcare-Professionals/Standards-Guidelines-and-Statements.aspx.
  12. Guidelines For Ambulatory Anesthesia And Surgery. Committee of Origin: ambulatory surgical care. ASA House of Delegates. October 15, 2003. Amended October 22, 2008. Available at: http://asahq.org/For-Healthcare-Professionals/Standards-Guidelines-and-Statements.aspx.
  13. Lidocaine . Lexi-Drugs Online. Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp, Inc.; 2007;Available from http://online.lexi.comAccessed May 12, 2010
  14. D’eramo EM, Bookless SJ, Howard JB. Adverse events with outpatient anesthesia in Massachusetts. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;61:793–800
  15. Lauven PM. Pharmacology of drugs for conscious sedation. Scand J Gastroenterolo Suppl. 1990;179:1–6
  16. Guidelines For Office-Based Anesthesia. Committee of Origin: ambulatory surgical care. ASA House of Delegates. October 13, 1999. Last affirmed October 27, 2004. Available at: http://asahq.org/For-Healthcare-Professionals/Standards-Guidelines-and-Statements.aspx.
  17. Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologist Task Force on Preoperative Fasting. Anesthesiology. 1999;90:896–905
  18. Huang R, Eisen GM. Efficacy, safety, and limitations in current practice of sedation and analgesia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2004;14:269–288
  19. McCloy R. Asleep on the job: sedation and monitoring during endoscopy. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1992;192:97–101
  20. Arrowsmith JB, Gerstman BB, Fleischer DE, Benjamin SB. Results from the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy/US Food and Drug Administration collaborative study on complication rates and drug use during gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1991;37:421–427
  21. Higgins TL, Hearn CJ, Maurer WG. Conscious sedation: what an internist needs to know. Cleve Clin J Med. 1996;63:355–361
  22. Botwin KP, Baskin M, Rao S. Adverse effects of fluoroscopically guided interlaminar thoracic epidural steroid injections. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;85:14–23
  23. Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. Complications associated with epidural steroid injections. 4. York, UK: NHS centre for reviews and dissemination, University of York; 2008;
  24. Waldman SD. Complications of cervical epidural nerve blocks with steroids: a prospective study of 790 consecutive blocks. Reg Anesth. 1989;14:149–151
  25. Botwin KP, Castellanos R, Rao S, et al. Complications of fluoroscopically guided interlaminar cervical epidural injections. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84:627–633
  26. Botwin KP, Gruber RD, Bouchlas CG, et al. Complications of fluoroscopically guided transforaminal lumbar epidural injections. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81:1045–1050
  27. Dreyfuss P, Cohen S, Chen AS, et al. Is immediate pain relief after a spinal injection procedure enhanced by intravenous sedation?. PMR. 2009;1:60–63
  28. Hung CT, Chow YF, Fung CF, et al. Safety and comfort during sedation for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. Hong Kong Med J. 2002;8:114–122

 FDA device/drug status: Approved (lidocaine, bupivacaine, midazolam, and fentanyl).

 Author disclosures: MKS: Consulting: Medtronic (B); Scientific Advisory Board: Smith and Nephew (B); Fellowship Support: Medtronic (C). DRM: Nothing to disclose. JLT: Nothing to disclose. ACS: Nothing to disclose.

 The disclosure key can be found on the Table of Contents and at www.TheSpineJournalOnline.com.

PII: S1529-9430(11)00520-1

doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2011.07.028

The Spine Journal
Volume 11, Issue 12 , Pages 1093-1100 , December 2011

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution