The Spine Journal
Volume 6, Issue 5 , Pages 557-560 , September 2006

Smoking and degenerative changes of the cervical spine: a roentgenographic study

  • Donald R. Gore, MD

      Affiliations

    • 2920 Superior Avenue, Sheboygan, WI 53081, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. 2920 Superior Avenue, Sheboygan, WI 53081. Tel.: (920) 458-3791; fax: (920) 458-3783.
    • ,
  • Guillermo F. Carrera, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
    • ,
  • Scott T. Glaeser, MD

      Affiliations

    • 2920 Superior Avenue, Sheboygan, WI 53081, USA

Received 2 June 2005 ,Accepted 10 December 2005.

References 

  1. Porter SE, Hanley EN. The musculoskeletal effects of smoking. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2001;9:9–17
  2. Leboeuf-Yde C. Smoking and low back pain: a systemic literature review of 41 journal articles reporting 47 epidemiologic studies. Spine. 1999;24:1463–1470
  3. Goldbert MS, Scott SC, Mayo NE. A review of the association between cigarette smoking and the development of nonspecific back pain and related outcomes. Spine. 2000;25:995–1014
  4. Gore DR, Sepic SB, Gardner GM. Roentgenographic findings of the cervical spine in asymptomatic people. Spine. 1986;11:521–524
  5. Gore DR. Roentgenographic findings in the cervical spine in asymptomatic persons: a ten-year follow-up. Spine. 2001;26:2463–2466
  6. Battie MC, Videman T, Gill K, et al. 1991 Volvo award in clinical sciences smoking and lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration: an MRI study of identical twins. Spine. 1991;16:1015–1021
  7. Iwahashi M, Matsuzaki H, Tokuhashi Y, Wakabayashi K, Uematsu Y. Mechanism of intervetebral disc degeneration caused by nicotine in rabbits to explicate intervertebral disc disorders caused by smoking. Spine. 2002;27:1396–1401
  8. Kelsey JL, Githens PB, Walter SD, et al. An epidemiological study of acute prolapsed cervical intervertebral disc. J Bone Joint Surg. 1984;66A:907–914
  9. An HS, Silveri CP, Simpson JM, et al. Comparison of smoking habits between patients with surgically confirmed herniated lumbar and cervical disc disease and controls. J Spinal Discord. 1994;7:369–373

 FDA device/drug status: not applicable.Nothing of value received from a commercial entity related to this manuscript.

PII: S1529-9430(05)01068-5

doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2005.12.003

The Spine Journal
Volume 6, Issue 5 , Pages 557-560 , September 2006

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